Wave Optics

1. WAVEFRONT: The locus of every one of those molecule which are vibrating in same phaseat any moment is known as wavefront.

2. It is said that Thomas Young, who initially showed nature of light, could read by age of two and read yhe book of scriptures twice in his initial years.

3. With the present phase of innovation: It is unimaginable yo see impedance of light from two free light source.

4. In any case, it is conceivable to recognize electronically interferance of two autonomous sources, as exhibited by Brown and Twiss in 1952.

5. A monochromatic wellspring of light will give light of one and only wavelength.

6. Keeping in mind the end goal to have two coherant shafts, a solitary wellspring of light is part into two by strategy for wavefront part or ampliyude part.

7. NICOL PRISM: A nicol crystal is made by cutting a calcite precious stone unquestionably.

8. It produces captivated light similarly as plarised does.

9. PLANE OF VIBRATION: The plane inside which the vibration of the captivated light are limited is known as plane of vibration.

10. PLANE OF Polarization: A plane at right edges to the plane of vibration and going through the course of proliferation of light is known as the plane of polarization.

11. ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY: A light wave is an electromagnetic wave in which the electric and attractive fields are commonly opposite to each other and them two thus are opposite to the heading of engendering of the wave.

12. DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT: The marvel of twisting of light waves around corners and spreading into the districts of geometrical shadow is called diffraction of light.

13. Determining POWER OF A TELESCOPE: The determining force of a telescope is characterized as the proportional of the littlest precise seperation betwen to far off items whose pictures are particularly obvious through the telescope.

14. Determining POWER OF A MICROSCOPE: It is characterized as the proportional of the littlest between two point questions whose pictures are simply determined by the obejective of the magnifying instrument.

15. Polarization: A wave showing diverse properties in various bearing is said to be captivated and this wonder is alluded to as polarization.

16. ROTATORY Polarization: The property of substance by righteousness of which it turns the plane of polarization of a plane energized light emission is known as the optical action or rotatory polarization.

17. Sub-atomic ROTATION: IT is the result of the particular revolution and the sub-atomic weight of the substance.

18. Particular ROTATION: It is characterized as the measure of pivot created by an answer of unit length containing unit mass of the optically dynamic substance per unit volume of the arrangement OR It is characterized as the turn delivered by 1mm thick quartz plate.

19. COHERANT SOURCE OF LIGHT: Two light are said to be coherantif these discharge light of the same recurrence which have consistent or same stage contrast.

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Alternating Current

Exchanging CURENT

1. Exchanging CURRENT: It is the present which differs in both greatness and also on the other hand and periodically.The quick is given by I = Ioωt ; where Io =peak worth or most extreme estimation of AC.

2. Substituting VOLTAGE: It is the emf which fluctuates in both greatness and in addition in course on the other hand and occasionally.

3. Normal force utilization in unadulterated inductive and immaculate capacitive circuit is equivalent to zero.

4. TRANSFORMER: It is an electrical gadget which changes over low substituting voltage to high rotating voltage and the other way around. Its working depends on the essential of common prompting.

5. POWER: The rate of vitality exchange between coursing charge and the circuit is known as the force.

6.IDLE CURRENT: If because of the stream of current in a circuit ,the normal force devoured is zero ,the current is said to honey bee unmoving or wattless.

7. Recurrence OF A SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT: An arrangement RLC circuit is said to honey bee in reverberation when the current has its most extreme worth.

8. Gag COIL: An inductor utilized as a part of an air conditioner circuit to control current is known as a stifle loop.

9. COPPER LOSS: This is the vitality lost as warmth (I2Rt) in the essential and auxiliary loops of copper when current goes through them . This misfortune can be minimized by ussing thick copper wire for the essential and optional windings.

10. IRON LOSS: This is the vitality squandered as warmth because of the development of whirlpool streams in the iron center of the transformer. This misfortune is likewise called the vortex current misfortune . To diminish this misfortune ,the center is made of covered sheets of delicate iron protected from each other.

11. HYSTERESIS LOSS: This is because of the iron center experiencing rehashed cycles of magnetisation and demagnetisation while exchanging emf is connected to the essential . This misfortune ca be diminished to a base by selecting the material for the center which has a tight hysteresis circle.

12. Normal and rms estimation of air conditioning current and voltage:

an) Averaqge or mean estimation of air conditioning current and voltage: The normal estimation of air conditioning is that enduring current which sends the same measure of charge through a circuit, in a period equivalent to a fraction of the time of air conditioning , as is sent by air conditioning through the same circuit in the same time.

b) Root mean square (rms) esteem, successful or virtual estimation of air conditioning current and voltage :that estimation of consistent current which produces the same measure of warmth in a resistance as is created by the exchanging current while coursing through the same resistence in the same time is called rms esteem , powerful esteem, or the virtual estimation of air conditioning.

13. Sorts of Transformer there are two sorts of transformers:

(a) Step-up Transformer It changes over low exchanging voltage into low substituting voltage.

(b) Step-down Transformer It changes over high exchanging voltage into substituting voltage.

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Atoms

1) Atoms should be indissoluble the littlest conceivable unit of matter.

2) PROUT'S HYPOTHESIS: In 1815, Prout found that nuclear weights of fog of the components were basic products of the nuclear weight of hydrogen.He, in this manner, suggested that each component is comprised of hydrogen atoms.This theory was disposed of when certain components were found to have fragmentary nuclear weights.

3) IMPACT PARAMETER AND ANGLE OF SCATTERING: Impact parameter is characterized as the opposite separation of the speed vector of a α-molecule from the focal point of the core (when the α-molecule is far from the iota).

4) CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM: It comprise of consistent wavelength inside a distinct extent as on account of noticeable light.It is likewise called the white range.

5) SHARP LINE SPECTRUM: It comprise of gatherings of sharp lines of distinct wavelength, superimposed over the consistent range.

6) EXCITED STATE: The procedure in which electron of a particle moves to a circle of more prominent vitality in the wake of retaining some vitality is called e excitation of the molecule and the itself is said to in the energized state.

7) IONIZED STATE: The procedure in which an electron of the particle is legitimately expelled from it abandoning a net positive charge on it is known as the ionization of the molecule and this state is called ionized state.

8) ATOMIC SPECTRA: The branch of material science that arrangements with the examination of the wavelengths and intensities of e.m.radiation radiated or consumed by iotas is called nuclear spectra.

9) THOMSON MODEL OF ATOM: Sir J.J. Thomson contemplated the marvel of release of power through gasses at low weights, alongside the nature and properties of cathode beams and positive beams. On the premise of his examinations, he proposed in 1907 what is currently called Thomson's plum-pudding model of a molecule. As per this model, a particle comprises of circle of span of the request of 10-10 m. The particles in charge of the mass of the molecule convey positive charge and are circulated consistently over the sphere.The adversely charged particles, called electrons, are inserted inside the iota .Every molecule is electrically impartial so that the aggregate positive charge on a molecule is equivalent to aggregate negative charge on it.

Thomson's model couldn't clarify:

a) The emanation of phantom lines from the molecules,

b) The substantial edge scrambling of α-particles by dainty metal foils.

10) Dalton's Atomic Theory: John Dalton, in 1808, set forward his hypothesis, as per which:

i) All concoction components are made out of small particles, called iotas. these particles can't be subdivided further and

ii) Atoms of a specific component take after each other while iotas of various components contrast from each other.

No one genuinely scrutinized Dalton's hypothesis until about the start of the twentieth century.

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Cummunication System

1. Correspondence: An essential particular component of current human advancement in the accessibility and broad usage of correspondence or information transfers procedure of transmission and gathering of data over amplified separations.

2. Simple SIGNAL: A sign in which data is changed into a voltage or current that fluctuates constantly and easily over a scope of worth is called a simple sign.

3. Correspondence CHANNEL: A framework includes transmitter, correspondence channel and recipient.

4. Advanced SIGNAL: A sign that can make discrete stride astute qualities is known as a computerized signal.

5. TRANSDUCER: A transducer is a gadget that changes over some physical variable like weight, relocation, power, temperature, and so on into relating variety in electrical sign at its yield.

6. TRANSMITTER: It handle the approaching message flag and makes it appropriate for transmission through a channel and ensuing gathering.

7. Intensification: The procedure of expanding the adequacy and therefore the quality of a sign is called enhancement.

8. Reception apparatus: A recieving wire or airborne emanates or gets radio waves

9. Clamor: Stray undesirable voltages and current which irritate transmission and preparing of message constitute commotion.

10. TRANSMITTER: It changes over the message signal created by the wellspring of data into a structure reasonable for transmission and gathering.

11. Station: It is the connection between the transmitter and the recipient .The station must be in links, wires, or remote.

12. Recipient: It gets the transmitted sign, separate concentrates the first message signal from it and after that conveys to it the receptor .

13. Telecast: It is the mode in which correspondence happens through connection between a solitary transmitter and various recipients.

14. Data transmission OF A SIGNAL: The scope of frequencies involved by a sign is known as the transfer speed of a sign.

15. Data transmission OF A TRANSMITTING MEDIUM: The scope of frequencies offered by a transmitting medium is known as the transfer speed of transmitting medium.

16. GROUND WAVE (SURFACE WAVE): In ground wave engendering, the radio waves are guided by the earth and go along its bended surface from transmitter to beneficiary.

17. SKY WAVE (IONOSPHERIC WAVE): In sky wave proliferation, the radio wave ventures sky wards and if its recurrence is beneath sure basic recurrence, it is come back to the earth by ionosphere.

18. SPACE WAVE: In space wave proliferation, the radio wave goes in a straight line from transmitting reception apparatus to the accepting recieving wire.

19. Tweak: The procedure of superimposing the low recurrence message signal on a high recurrence wave is called regulation.

20. REPEATER: In correspondence, extent is of awesome significance. To expand the extent, use is made of a repeater which is a blend of a transmitter and recipient.

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Current Electricity

1. ELECTRIC CURRENT: The coordinated rate of stream of charge is know as electric current.

2. OHM'S LAW: At consistent temperature , the potential distinction V over the finishes of a given metallic wire (conduit) in a circuit (electric) is specifically corresponding to the present coursing through it.

V=IR,

where, I=current,

R= resistance.

3. CURRENT DENSITY j=∆I/∆A current thickness is a vector amount .

4. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: The resistivity of certain metal or composite drops to zero when they are frosty beneath a specific temperature.

5. CONDUCTIVITY: The equal of resistivity is known as the electrical conductivity of the material.

6. Portability: Mobility is characterized as the greatness of float speed per unit electric field.

7. Interior RESISTANCE OF A CELL: The resistance offered to the stream of current by he electrolyte of the cell is known as the inward resistance of the cell.

8. THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE ( EMF) OF A CELL: The measure of work done by a phone in moving a unit positive charge through it from lower potential(negative terminal) to higher potential(positive terminal) is called its electromotive power.

9. POTENTIOMETER: An instrument utilized for measuring precisely the emf or potential distinction is called potentiometer.

10. WHEATSTONE BRIDGE : A system with four resistances P, Q, R, and masterminded , with a phone of emf Є between the focuses an and C and a galvanometer G amongst B and D, is called wheatstone span.

11. Gathering OF CELLS : keeping in mind the end goal to determine most extreme current under given condition, cells can be assembled in the accompanying there various ways.

I. Arrangement GROUPING : various celles are said to be associated in arrangement if negative shaft of one is associated with the positive post of the other et cetera.

II. PARALLEL GROUPING : various cells are said to be gathered in parallel if positive shafts of every one of them are associated with one point and the negative posts to another point.

III. Blended GROUPING : various cells are said to be put in blended gathering in the event that some of them are associated in arrangement and some of them in parallel.

12. RESISTOR( WIRE WOUND AND CARBON RESISTOR): Any object of a directing material having a resistance of craved worth is known as a resistor.

Two noteworthy sorts of resistors are:

a) There are made by winding the wires of some composites on a reasonable base the normally utilized compounds are:

I. Maganin (Cu:84%,Mn:12% and Ni:4%)

II. Constantan (Cu:60%, Ni:40%)

III. Nichrome (Ni:60%,Fe:26%,Cr:12% ,Mn:2%)

The organization changes and the rates given are estimated.

b) CARBON RESISTOR: These are made by embellishment carbon with an appropriate restricting operator into a barrel. Wire leads are joined to the whole resistor is encased in an artistic or plastic coat. They are minimized and have ease.

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Dual Nature

1. WORK FUNCTION: The base vitality that must be supplied to free the most pitifully bound surface electrons from a metal without giving any surface speed is called work capacity of the metal.

2. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT: The marvel of discharge of electrons by a decent number of substances, mostly metals, when light of appropriate wavelength falls on them is known as the photoelectric impact.

3. Immersion CURRENT: The greatest estimation of the photoelectric current is known as the immersion current.

4. CUT-OF: The hindering potential for which the photoelectric current gets to be zero is known as the cut –of or halting potential for the relating recurrence of the occurrence light.

5. Limit FREQUENCY: The base estimation of the recurrence of light underneath which the photoelectric outflow stops totally, howsoever huge might be the force of light, is known as the edge recurrence.

6. THERMIONIC EMISSION: The arrival of electrons from a metal as an aftereffect of its temperature,i.e.,by warming is called thermionic discharge.

7. FIELD EMISSION : It is a sort of electron outflow in which an extremely solid electric field hauls the electrons out of the metal surface.

8. PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION: It is that sort of electron outflow in which light reasonable recurrence discharges the electron from a metal surface.

9. A photon of 1242 NM wavelength has a vitality of 1 eV . A light of wavelength (1242/4)=310.5nm has a vitality of 4eV etc.

10. Precise MOMENTUM: Angular energy of ans iota changes when a proton is transmitted or ingested. since precise force must be monitored, we infer that the proton required in the process must convey rakish energy. henceforth a proton has vitality , direct force and precise energy.

11. It is enticing to recall the traditional meaning of energy, mv and compose p = mc for the proton , yet we don't have esteem for the photon's mass. truth be told , we can so that the rest mass of a proton must be zero.

12. COMPTON EFFECT: Compton impact is the wonder in which the wavelength of the radiation scattered by a component is more noteworthy than that of episode radiation.

13. Since Planck's consistent (H) has a greatly little esteem, the wave way of material particles can't be watched unless the molecule is to a great degree little.

14. PHOTOELECTRIC CELL: A gadget which changes over light vitality into electric vitality is known as a photoelectric cell.

There are two sorts of photoelectric cell.

a) HIGH VACUUM TYPE: This kind of cell has just about a prompt reaction o the variety of light however gives an extremely weak current.

b) GAS FILLED TYPE: This kind of cell has poor reaction to variety of light yet it produces a high present.

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Electric Charges

1. Benjamin Franklin presented two sorts of charges in particular positive charge and negative charge in light of frictional power.

2. QUANTIFICATION OF CHARGE : Quantization of charge exists in discrete sum instead of constant worth and thus quantized scientifically ,charge on an article q=±ne, where ,n is a whole number and e is an electronic charge .

3. Preservation OF CHARGE : The aggregate charge a detached framework dependably stays consistent.

4. COULOMB'S LAW : It expresses that the electrostatic power of collaboration or aversion acting between to stationary point charges is given by -

F=(1/4πєo)×(q1q2/r2)

where,q1 q2 are the stationary point charges and r is the detachment between them in air or vacuum.

5. Electrostatic power (or coulombian strengths) are traditionalist powers .

6. ELECTRIC DIPOLE : Two point charges of same extent and inverse nature isolated by a little separation by and large structures an electric dipole.

7. Coulomb utilized a torsion parity to perform his analyses .comparative gadget was utilized by Cavendish years after the fact to concentrate on gravitational power .

8. Coulomb could demonstrate that the estimation of the example of r (in F=ke (q1q2/r2) was 2 inside an instability of a couple percent. present day tests have demonstrated that the example is 2 to an exactness of a couple part in 1016. test by William , Fallar and Hall in 1971 demonstrated that the example of r in coulomb law is (2+sigma) .

9. Extremity OF CHARGE : The property of which separates the two sort of charge is known as the extremity of the charge.

10. The plastic brush can be charge by running it through dry hair ,look over is a swap for glass bar and the hair for the skin.

11. Home purifiers utilize the electric power to lessen the dust , microbes and other particulate noticeable all around .The electric power expel electrons from the contaminations making them emphatically charge .These particles are pulled in are to adversely charge plate , where the stay until physically evacuate when working legitimately , these purifiers can diminish the particulate level by all the more then 99 percent.

12. Electric lines of power fanciful bends attracted electric field along which a unit positive test charge tends to move .The digression to a line of power anytime gives the course of electric field anytime.

13. QUARKS : Quarks are genuinely basic particles which convey charges that are divisions of electronic charge.

14. ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY : Electric field power at point encompassing the charge q is characterized as the power per unit positive charge in the field.

15. S.I. unit of charge is coulomb (C).

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Electromagnetic

1. The attractive flux connected with any surface is equivalent to aggregate number of attractive lines of power going through it.It is scaler quantity.S.I. unit of attractive flux is weber (Wb).

2. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: The marvel of era of an electric current in a shut circuit from attractive flux connected with it is called electromagnetic prompting.

3. FLEMING'S RIGHT HAND RULE: Stretch the thumb,the first finger and the focal finger of right hand with the goal that they are commonly opposite to each other.If the main finger focuses toward the attractive field, the thumb point toward movement of the conductor, then the focal finger focuses toward the incited current.

4. Substituting CURRENT(ac) GENERATOR: A generator(or a dynamo) is a machine utilized for creating electric current by changing over mechanical vitality into electrical utilizing em induction.when the current delivered by a dynamo changes constantly in extent and intermittently in direction,several times per second,the current is known as exchanging current and the machine which produces it is known as the air conditioner generator.

5. Swirl CURRENTS: The coursing streams set up in mass bits of metal traveling through a magnatic field are called whirlpool ebbs and flows.

6. Common INDUCTION: The wonder of accepting currentt in a circuit by changing the current or flux in a neighboring circuit is called shared inductance.mutual prompting may likewise be characterized as the property of two circut by righteousness of which every circuit contradicts any adjustment in flux or strain of current moving through other circuit.

a) Mutual inductance of two circuits in numerically equivalent to the flux connected with one circuit when a unit current course through the other.

b) Mutual inductance of two circuit is numerically equivalent to the prompted emf set up in one circuit when the rate of progress of the current in the other is solidarity.

c) Mutual inductance of two circuits is said to be one Henry if a current changing at the rate of 1 amp/sec in 1 circuit actuates an emf of 1 volt in the other.

7. SELF INDUCTION: The property of an electric circuit by ethicalness of which it contradicts any change of flux or current in it by instigating a current in it self called self impelling.

8. LENZ'S LAW: The extremity of instigate emf is such that is tend to deliver a present that will make an attractive flux through the circuit ( or circle ).

9. FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:

a) Whenever in a circuit, there is a change of attractive flux, an instigated emf is produced.The emflasts just for the ideal opportunity for which the flux is evolving.

b) The extent of the incited emf is straightforwardly corresponding to the rate of progress of attractive flux connected with the circuit.

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Electromagnetic Wave

1. An electromagnetic wave is a wave emanated by a quickened or oscillatory charge in which fluctuating attractive field is a wellspring of attractive field.

2. Dislodging CURRENT: The line indispensable of attractive field for any shut way relies on upon the entirety of consistent current puncturing a surface limited by the shut way.

3. Wellspring OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: Waves of vitality that are brought on by the acct of charged particles and comprise of electric and attractive fields vibrating transversely and sinusoidal at right points to each other and to the heading engendering are called electromagnetic waves are electromagnetic radiation.

4. Force OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE: An amount of more intrigue then vitality thickness is the vitality power or power of electromagnetic wave. ( the measure of vitality intersection per unit range per unit time in a course opposite to the heading of proliferation of the wave is called force of electromagnetic wave.

5. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM:(MAXWELLS RAINBOW): The scope of frequencies (or wavelengths) over which electromagnetic radiation can be proliferated is known as the electromagnetic range or MAXWELLS RAINBOW.

6. RADIO WAVES (feq. range: 500 KHZ to around 1000 MHZ): electromagnetic influx of wavelength longer then around 1 meter are called radio waves.

7. MICROWAVES (Feq. range :1 GHZ TO 100 GHZ): electromagnetic wave with wavelengths in the rough scope of 1 mm to 0.3 m (i.e.,b/w infrared and radio wave ) are called microwaves.

8. INFRARED(IR) WAVES ( Feq . range: 1011 HZ to 5× 1014 Hz): electromagnetic waves going the distance from the short-wavelength end of the microwaves (for infrared) to the red furthest reaches of unmistakable light (close infrared) are called i.r. wave. they have a wave length scope of 0.7µm to around 1 cm .

9. Obvious LIGHT ( Feq range : 4×1014 Hz to around 7×1014 Hz ) : that little divide of the electromagnetic range the human eye can identify is generally alluded to as light and it includes and to a great degree little scope of wave-length b/w 400 nm to 700 nm.

10. Bright( UV) RADIATION ( Feq. range :1014 Hz to 1017 Hz ): UV is electromagnetic radiation past the violet end of the unmistakable range and covers wavelengths going from around 380 nm down 0.6 nm.

11. X-RAYS (Frequency range : 1017 Hz to 1019 Hz ): X-beams are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths in the scope of around 10 nm to 10-4 nm.

12. GAMMA RAYS (FREQUENCY RANGE : 1018 Hz TO 1022 Hz): The electromagnetic rushes of highest recurrence scope of the know electromagnetic range are called gamma beams and are the most limited of all electromagnetic waves with their wavelengths extending from roughly 10-1 nm to under 10-5 nm (i.e., of the request of the span of the core of an iota, 10-15 m).

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Magnetism And Matter

1. Attraction: The nails of whose and tip of whose staff stuck quick in an attractive field while he fed his flocks."The property of pulling in little bits of iron and steel was alluded to as attraction.

2. NORTH POLE AND SOUTH POLE: If a magnet is suspended unreservedly with the assistance of a string, it generally rests in the north-south direction.The shaft guiding towards north is called north post and the other guiding towards south-shaft.

a) Like posts repulse each other and not at all like shafts pull in each other.

b) It is impractical to partitioned north and south post of a magnet.

c) Poles dependably exits in parts,i.e., attractive mono shafts don't exit.

d) Recent trials have neglected to show proof of attractive mono posts.

e) Two shafts of a magnet are of equivalent quality, and they don't lie precisely at compelling closures and are arranged inwards close to the geometric finishes.

3. The attractive dipole snippet of an attractive dipoles given by , M=m2l .Where m is shaft quality and 2l is dipole minute. S.I. unit of attractive dipole is or J/T.

4. Attractive hub: A line joining north and south posts of an unreservedly suspended magnet is called attractive hub.

5. Attractive MERIDIAN: A vertical plane going through the attractive hub is known as the attractive meridian.

6. COULOMB'S LAW OF FORCE BETWEEN TWO MAGNETIC POLES: As said prior, confined attractive posts don't exit, But the possibility of attractive shaft, however imaginary,is very useful.As will be examined later on, the possibility of attractive dipole is a more palatable origination.

7. Attractive FIELD LINES AND MAGNETIC FLUX: Magnetic field at a point is subsequently said to be one Tesla if a charge of 1 coulomb, while moving opposite to the course of the attractive field with a speed of 1 meter/second, encounters a power of 1 newton.

8. GAUSS'S LAW IN MAGNETISM: The surface basic of the attractive field over a shut surface is zero , i.e.,the net attractive flux through any shut surface is constantly zero.

9. Attractive MOMENT: The dipole minute dipoles in this way numerically equivalent to the torque required to keep the dipole opposite to attractive field of unit impelling.

10. THE EARTH'S MAGNETISM: The branches of material science which manages the investigation of Earth's attractive field is called physical attraction or geomagnetism.

11. The genuine north and south posts lie at the finishes of the polar pivot and are characterized by the hub of turn of he Earth.

12. Attractive ELEMENTS OF EARTH: Those amounts which depict the attractive field of the Earth an a specific pace complete in size and also in heading are known as the attractive components at that place.

13. Attractive DIPOLE AND DIPOLE MOMENT: Two attractive shafts of equivalent and inverse polarities isolated by a little separation frame an attractive dipole.

The attractive dipole snippet of a magneic dipole is a vector m whose extent m is the result of the poe quality (qm) and the separation 2a between the poles.1. Attraction: The nails of whose and tip of whose staff stuck quick in an attractive field while he fed his flocks."The property of drawing in little bits of iron and steel was alluded to as attraction.

2. NORTH POLE AND SOUTH POLE: If a magnet is suspended uninhibitedly with the assistance of a string, it generally rests in the north-south direction.The post guiding towards north is called north shaft and the other directing towards south-shaft.

a) Like shafts repulse each other and not at all like posts pull in each other.

b) It is unrealistic to partitioned north and south post of a magnet.

c) Poles dependably exits in parts,i.e., attractive mono posts don't exit.

d) Recent tests have neglected to show proof of attractive mono posts.

e) Two shafts of a magnet are of equivalent quality, and they don't lie precisely at great closures and are arranged inwards close to the geometric finishes.

3. The attractive dipole snippet of an attractive dipoles given by , M= m 2 l .Where m is shaft quality and 2l is dipole minute. S.I. unit of attractive dipole is or J/T.

4. Attractive hub: A line joining north and south posts of an unreservedly suspended magnet is called attractive pivot.

5. Attractive MERIDIAN: A vertical plane going through the attractive hub is known as the attractive meridian.

6. COULOMB'S LAW OF FORCE BETWEEN TWO MAGNETIC POLES: As said prior, detached attractive shafts don't exit, But the possibility of attractive post, however imaginary,is entirely useful.As will be talked about later on, the possibility of attractive dipole is a more palatable origination.

7. Attractive FIELD LINES AND MAGNETIC FLUX: Magnetic field at a point is along these lines said to be one Tesla if a charge of 1 coulomb, while moving opposite to the heading of the attractive field with a speed of 1 meter/second, encounters a power of 1 newton.

8. GAUSS'S LAW IN MAGNETISM: The surface vital of the attractive field over a shut surface is zero , i.e.,the net attractive flux through any shut surface is constantly zero.

9. Attractive MOMENT: The dipole minute dipoles hence numerically equivalent to the torque required to keep the dipole opposite to attractive field of unit instigation.

10. THE EARTH'S MAGNETISM: The branches of material science which manages the investigation of Earth's attractive field is called physical attraction or geomagnetism.

11. The genuine north and south posts lie at the finishes of the polar hub and are characterized by the hub of revolution of he Earth.

12. Attractive ELEMENTS OF EARTH: Those amounts which depict the attractive field of the Earth an a specific pace complete in greatness and in addition in bearing are known as the attractive components at that place.

13. Attractive DIPOLE AND DIPOLE MOMENT: Two attractive posts of equivalent and inverse polarities isolated by a little separation shape an attractive dipole.

The attractive dipole snippet of an attractive dipole is a vector m whose greatness m is the result of the quality (qm) and the separation 2a between the shafts.

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Moving Charges

1. Oerested tentatively exhibited that the current conveying conductor produces attractive field around it.

2. Attractive FIELD: Magnetic field at a point is in this manner equivalent to the power following up on a unit charge when it is moving with unit speed in a heading opposite to attractive field.

3. LORENTZ FORCE: The power experienced by a charged molecule moving in space where both electric and attractive fields exists is called Lorentz power.

4. CYCLOTRON: It is a mechanical assembly which can give a vast speed to charged particles.

5. CURRENT SENSITIVITY: Current affectability of a galvanometer is characterized as the avoidance per unit current.

6. VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY: Voltage affectability of a galvanometer is characterized as the avoidance per unit voltage.

7. AMMETER: An ammeter is an instrument utilized for measuring huge current.A low resistance associated in parallel with a galvanometer is known as a shunt resistance or just shunt.

8. SOLENOID: A round and hollow loop of an expansive number of turns is known as a solenoid.

9. Attraction: The property of pulling in little bits of iron and steel was alluded to as attraction.

10. Attractive DIPOLE: Two attractive posts of equivalent and inverse polarities isolated by a little separation frames an attractive dipole

11. Attractive ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH: Those amounts which depict the attractive field of the earth at a specific place totally in size and additionally course are known as the attractive fields at that place.

12. Plunge ANGLE OR INCLINATION: Dip edge at a spot is characterized as the point between the bearing of the aggregate power of the Earths'magnetic field and an even line in attractive meridian.

13. Flat COMPONENT: The segment of the resultant power of the Earth's attractive field in the level heading is called its even segment and is signified by B H.

14. MAGNETISATION: Magnetization of material is characterized as attractive minute per unit volume of that material.

15. DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES: The substances which are weakly charged in a heading inverse to that of polarizing field in which these are placedare called diamagnetic substances.

16. PARA MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES: The substances which are unreservedly charged toward the polarizing field in which these are set are called para magnetic substances.

17. FERROMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES: The substances which are unequivocally charged toward the polarizing field in which they are set are called ferromagnetic substances.

18. HYSTERESIS: Hysteresis is the marvel appeared by ferromagnetic substances where by the attractive field actuation (B) of the medium depends on the current charging field (H) as well as on the past condition of the substance.

19. Lasting MAGNET: Those substances which at room temperature hold their ferromagnetic property for long time are called changeless magnet.

20. ELECTROMAGNETS: An electromagnets is a brief solid magnet and is only a solenoid with its twisting on a delicate iron center which has high penetrability and low rententivity.

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Nuclei

1. RADIOACTIVITY: Many flimsy cores can rot suddenly to a core of lower mass yet distinctive blends of nucleons. This procedure of unconstrained discharge is called radioactivity.

2. The volume of core is specifically relative to its number.

3. The thickness of atomic is autonomous of mass number and all things considered , all cores have around the same thickness.

4. Sweep OF NUCLEUS: The span of a core is characterized as the separation at which the thickness of atomic matter abatements to one portion of its most extreme quality at the middle.

5. ISOTOPES: Isotopes are the particles of the same component which have the same nuclear number yet distinctive nuclear masses.

6. ISOBARS: Isobars are the particles of various components which have the same nuclear numbers.They don't involve the same spot in intermittent table of components and vary broadly in their concoction properties.

7. ISOTONES: Nuclei with the same number of neutrons yet distinctive number of protons are called isotones.

8. ISOMERS: Isomers are the energized conditions of a steady core.

9. Restricting ENERGY OF THE NUCLEUS: The misfortune in vitality which is in charge of restricting the nucleons together in a core is known as the coupling vitality of the core.

10. Restricting CURVE ENERGY: The bend got by plotting the coupling vitality per nucleons capacity of mass number is known as the coupling vitality bend.

11. RADIOACTIVITY: Radioactivity is accordingly the property by ethicalness of which the core of an overwhelming component crumbles itself with the outflow of radiation without being constrained by any outer specialist to do as such.

12. MASS EFFECT: It is found that aggregate of the masses of nucleons making a core is more than the mass of the core itself. That is, when anumber of nucleons are united to frame a core , certain mass vanish. this is known as the mass imperfection.

13. POLONIUM: The principal radioactive substance acquired was called polonium.

14. RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT: The component showing the property of radioactivity are called radioactive component.

15. RADIOACTIVE DECAY LAW: The rate at which a specific rot process happens in a radioactive example is relative to the quantity of radioactive cores present.

16. HALF LIFE PERIOD: The time required for the vanishing of half of the measure of the radioactive substance initially present is known as the half life time frame or basically half life.

17. Rot RATE: Rate of rot of a radioactive substance is usually known as its action and it is controlled by the quantity of cores that rot in a unit time or by the quantity of rots every second or dis mix every second.

18. POSITRON ELECTRON: The positron outflow happens when an atomic proton changes into a neutron and in the process a neutrino is additionally radiated.

19. ELECTRON CAPTURE: In the electron catch, a core ingests one of its internal orbital electrons and as an aftereffect of this, an atomic proton change into a neutron and a neutrino is radiated.

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Ray Optics

1. Impression OF LIGHT: Reflection of light is the procedure of redirecting a light emission.

2. MIRROR FORMULA: A condition associating u, v and f if there should be an occurrence of a mirror is called mirror recipe or mirror condition.

3. Deviation: He disappointment of the standard hub and peripheral beams to go through the same point on reflection at a round surface is called variation.

4. REFRACTION: The twisting of beam at the interface of two media is called refraction.

5. As indicated by SNELL'S LAW: The result of the refractive record and the sine of edge made by the beam with the typical at purpose of frequency is steady for a given beam in both the media.

6. Environmental REFRACTION: The refraction of light through air is called barometrical refraction.

7. Basic ANGLE: The basic point between two media is the edge of occurrence in the optically denser medium.

8.TOTAL INTERNATIONAL REFLECTION: The aggregate inside reflection (TIR) is the wonder in which a beam of light going from an optically denser into an optically rarer medium at a point of frequency more noteworthy than the basic plot for the two media is completely reflected once more into the same medium.

9. Hallucination: The locating of reversed pictures on hot still summer days is called illusion.

10. Crystal: A crystal is a bit of a straightforward medium, two of whose limits are plane surfaces, slanted to each other at a point.

11. Direct MAGNIFICATION PRODUCED BY A LENS: Linear amplification delivered by a lens is characterized as the proportion of the measure of the picture to the span of item.

12. Uprooting METHOD TO LOCATE POSITIONS OF IMAGES: If a dainty uniting lens of central length f is put between an item O and a screen at an appropriate separation, then there are two positions of the lens for which a genuine picture of the article is shaped on the screen. since to get the genuine picture of the article at an altered separation, lens is dislodged starting with one position then onto the next, it is known as the relocation strategy.

13. This strategy is utilized as a part of research facility to discover the central length of a raised mirror.

14. Comparable LENS: An equal lens is a solitary lens which delivers a picture at the same position and of same amplification as the genuine arrangement of lenses does.

15. Force OF A LENS: Power of a lens is characterized as the digression of the point by which the lens merges or wanders a light emission light it at a unit separation from its optical focus.

16. THE POWER OF COMBINATION OF LENSES: The force of blend of lenses in contact with each other is in this manner equivalent to the logarithmic entirety of the forces of the segment lenses.

17. LENS ABERRATIONS: The takeoffs of genuine pictures framed by the lens from perfect ones are alluded to as the deformities of thew pictures or all the more just lens distortions.

18. DISPERSIVE POWER OF LENS: Dispersive force of a lens can be characterized as a relative change in its central length for a given scope of hues comparing to an adjustment in the refractive file.

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Elwctronic Semiconductor

1. SEMICONDUCTOR: A strong is a semiconductor if the vitality crevice is much littler when contrasted with that if there should be an occurrence of separator.

2. Gap CONDUCTION: Hole conduction is a refinement of semiconductors and is not existent in metals.

3. Sun oriented CELL : A sunlight based cell is a photograph diode with zero connected voltage.

4. Vitality BAND: A gathering of substantial number of firmly separated vitality levels is called yhe vitality band.

5. VALENCE BAND: The most astounding vitality band possessed by the valence electron is called valence vitality band or basically valence band.

6. CONDUCTION BAND: A vacant band or an unfilled band is known as a free band or conduction band.

7. Outward SEMICONDUCTOR: A semiconductor whose conductivity is basically because of debasement is called extraneous semiconductor.

8. Inborn SEMICONDUCTOR: A semiconductor that is free from contamination , immaculate semiconductor is called a characteristic semiconductor.

9. Photograph DIODE: A photograph diode working with no outside inclination and producing its very own emf because of the impact of episode radiation is known as a sunlight based cell.

10. ZENER DIODE: A zener diode is a semiconductor diode with an all around characterized reverse breakdown voltage and is utilized as a voltage controller.

11. Photograph DIODE: A photograph diode is a semiconductor diode which is worked with opposite predisposition underneath the breakdown voltage and whose conductivity is tweaked by the assimilation of light in or close to the consumption layer which exists at the p-n intersection.

12. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED): A light emanating diode is an electro luminescent semiconductor p-n intersection gadget that discharges optical radiation under forward –bias conditions.

13. TRANSISTOR AS A COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER: An intensifier is an electronic gadget which expands the sufficiency of the info signal and the vitality required for this reason for existing is gotten from a dc source.

14. THE DC CURRENT GAIN: It is the proportion of the authority current to the emitter current.

15. THE AC CURRENT GAIN: It is characterized as the proportion of progress in authority current to the adjustment in emitter current at steady gatherer based voltage.

16. TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS: Graphs got from trials which demonstrate the connections between different streams and voltages and empower us to perceive how best to utilize a transistor are called transistor attributes.

17. Recurrence RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AMPLIFIER: The varieties of the voltage addition of an enhancer is termed as the recurrence reaction normal for the intensifier.

18. OSCILLATOR: An oscillator is a generator of a rotating voltage, typically of high recurrence and consistent adequacy. The vitality required for this reason for existing is taken from a dc source.

19. Rationale GATE: A rationale entryway is an advanced circuit that takes after a specific intelligent relationship between the information and the yield voltages.

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Electrostatic

1. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL: Electric potential anytime in the locale of electric field is equivalent to the measure of work wear in bringing the unit positive test charge from interminable to that point, in against of electrostatic strengths without speeding up.

2. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE: The potential contrast between two focuses in an electric field is characterized as the measure of work done in moving a unit positive test charge from one point to the next in against of electrostatic power with no speeding up.

3. CAPACITOR: A capacitor is a gadget which is utilized to store electrostatic potential vitality of charge.

4. POTENTIAL: Potential at a point in an electric field is in this way equivalent to the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from vastness to the point under thought while keeping the charge in harmony.

5. Electric field force is equivalent to the negative of the potential angle.

6. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE AND LINE INTEGRAL OF ELECTRIC FIELD: Electric potential distinction between two point An and B in an electric field is equivalent to the negative of the line basic of the electric field from the point An and B.

7. POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO A SYSTEM OF CHARGES: Potential at a point because of various charges is the mathematical total of the potential by then because of each of these charges, had every charge been separated from everyone else.

8. POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A CONFIGURATION OF CHARGES: Electric potential vitality of a design of charges put a specific separation separated from each other is the measure of work that must be done I conveying these charges from infinitive to their individual position.

9. EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES: An equipotential surfaces is that surface, all focuses tying on which are at the same potential.

10. The human body is a moderately decent conveyor of power, yet it is not a perfect conductor.

11. The electric potential is the same at all focuses in any locale in which E=0 Such an area is known as a without field district.

Since charge dwells on the external surface of a channel, electric field inside the conduit is zero. In this manner, the potential distinction between any tow point inside the conductor is zero.That is all point in the inward locale are at same potential.We state this by saying that the inside district of any charged conductor is an equipotential volume.That is, no work will be done in moving charges in such a volume.

13. EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES: An equipotential surfaces is that surface, all focuses tying on which are at the same potential.

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